Deglacial history of glacial lake windermere,UK: implications for the central British and Irish Ice Sheet     

Luke J. W. Pinson  Mark E. Vardy  Justin K. Dix  Timothy J. Henstock  Jonathan M. Bull  Suzanne E. Maclachlan 《第四纪科学杂志》2013,28(1):83-94

In the UK, a combination of outcrop mapping, satellite digital elevation models, high‐resolution marine geophysical data and a range of dating techniques have constrained the maximum limit and overall retreat behaviour of the British and Irish Ice Sheet (BIIS). The changing styles of deglaciation have been most extensively studied in the west and north‐western sectors of the BIIS, primarily using offshore geophysical surveys. The surviving record in the southern, terrestrial sector is fragmentary, permitting only large‐scale (tens of kilometres) and longer timescale (c. 1 ka) reconstructions of ice‐margin movement, with limited information on deglacial processes. Here we present a high‐resolution study of the retreat behaviour for a section of the southern ice‐margin from Windermere in the Lake District, using high‐resolution two‐dimensional multi‐channel seismic data, processed using prestack depth migration. By combining the seismic stratigraphy with landform morphologies, extant cores and seismic velocity measurements, we are able to distinguish between: over‐consolidated till; recessional moraines; De Geer moraines; flowed till/ice‐front fan; supra‐/en‐glacial melt‐out till; and subsequent glaciolacustrine/lacustrine sedimentation. The results reveal a complex and active valley glacier withdrawal from Windermere that changed character between basins and produced two small, localized areas of ice‐stagnation and downwasting. This study indicates that similar active ice‐margin retreats probably took place in other valleys of the Lake District during the Late Devensian deglaciation rather than the previously held view of rapid ice‐stagnation and downwasting. When combined with the regional terrestrial record, this supports a model of early ice loss in terrestrial England compared with other parts of the UK. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

On the stability of a planet between Mars and the asteroid belt: Implications for the Planet V hypothesis     

J.E. Chambers 《Icarus》2007,189(2):386-400

The stability of an additional planet between the orbit of Mars and the asteroid belt is examined in the context of the Planet V hypothesis. In this model, the Solar System initially contained a fifth terrestrial planet, “Planet V,” which was removed after ∼700 Myr, a possible trigger for the late heavy bombardment on the inner planets. The model is investigated using 96 N-body integrations of the 8 major planets with an additional body between Mars and the asteroid belt. In more than 1/4 of simulations, Planet V survives for 1000 Myr. In most other cases, Planet V collides with the Sun or hits another planet after several hundred Myr, leaving 4 surviving terrestrial planets. In 24/96 simulations, Planet V is lost by ejection or collision with the Sun while the other four terrestrial planets survive without undergoing a collision. In 18 cases, Planet V is removed at least 200 Myr after the beginning of the simulation. The endstate depends sensitively on the mass of Planet V. Collision with the Sun is likely when Planet V's mass is 0.25 Mars masses or less. When Planet V is more massive than this, collisions involving it and/or other terrestrial planets become commonplace. In unstable systems, the times of first encounter and first collision/ejection depend on the initial aphelion distance of Mars. Reducing Mars's aphelion distance increases these times and also increases the fraction of systems surviving for 1000 Myr. When Mars's current orbit is used, the stability of Planet V increases when these two planets are widely separated initially. Planet V's aphelion distance Q typically begins to cross the asteroid belt within a few tens to a few hundred Myr, and its orbit last leaves the belt several hundred Myr later in most cases. The total time spent with Q>2.1 AU is typically less than 200 Myr.  相似文献   

Differences between the impact regimes of the terrestrial planets: Implications for primordial D:H ratios     

J. Horner  O. Mousis  J.-M. Petit 《Planetary and Space Science》2009,57(12):1338-1345

It is often assumed that the terrestrial worlds have experienced identical impact regimes over the course of their formation and evolution, and, as a result, would have started life with identical volatile budgets. In this work, through illustrative dynamical simulations of the impact flux on Venus, the Earth, and Mars, we show that these planets can actually experience greatly different rates of impact from objects injected from different reservoirs. For example, we show scenarios in which Mars experiences far more asteroidal impacts, per cometary impactor, than Venus, with the Earth being intermediate in value between the two. This difference is significant, and is apparent in simulations of both quiescent and highly stirred asteroid belts (such as could be produced by a mutual mean-motion resonance crossing between Jupiter and Saturn, as proposed in the Nice model of the Late Heavy Bombardment). We consider the effects; such differences would have on the initial volatilisation of the terrestrial planets in a variety of scenarios of both endogenous and exogenous hydration, with particular focus on the key question of the initial level of deuteration in each planet's water budget. We conclude that each of the terrestrial worlds will have experienced a significantly different distribution of impactors from various reservoirs, and that the assumption that each planet has the same initial volatile budget is, at the very least, a gross over-simplification.  相似文献   

What makes a planet habitable?     

H. Lammer  J. H. Bredehöft  A. Coustenis  M. L. Khodachenko  L. Kaltenegger  O. Grasset  D. Prieur  F. Raulin  P. Ehrenfreund  M. Yamauchi  J.-E. Wahlund  J.-M. Grießmeier  G. Stangl  C. S. Cockell  Yu. N. Kulikov  J. L. Grenfell  H. Rauer 《Astronomy and Astrophysics Review》2009,17(2):181-249

This work reviews factors which are important for the evolution of habitable Earth-like planets such as the effects of the host star dependent radiation and particle fluxes on the evolution of atmospheres and initial water inventories. We discuss the geodynamical and geophysical environments which are necessary for planets where plate tectonics remain active over geological time scales and for planets which evolve to one-plate planets. The discoveries of methane–ethane surface lakes on Saturn’s large moon Titan, subsurface water oceans or reservoirs inside the moons of Solar System gas giants such as Europa, Ganymede, Titan and Enceladus and more than 335 exoplanets, indicate that the classical definition of the habitable zone concept neglects more exotic habitats and may fail to be adequate for stars which are different from our Sun. A classification of four habitat types is proposed. Class I habitats represent bodies on which stellar and geophysical conditions allow Earth-analog planets to evolve so that complex multi-cellular life forms may originate. Class II habitats includes bodies on which life may evolve but due to stellar and geophysical conditions that are different from the class I habitats, the planets rather evolve toward Venus- or Mars-type worlds where complex life-forms may not develop. Class III habitats are planetary bodies where subsurface water oceans exist which interact directly with a silicate-rich core, while class IV habitats have liquid water layers between two ice layers, or liquids above ice. Furthermore, we discuss from the present viewpoint how life may have originated on early Earth, the possibilities that life may evolve on such Earth-like bodies and how future space missions may discover manifestations of extraterrestrial life.  相似文献   

Integrated estimates of global terrestrial carbon sequestration   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Allison M. Thomson  R. Csar Izaurralde  Steven J. Smith  Leon E. Clarke 《Global Environmental Change》2008,18(1):192-203

Assessing the contribution of terrestrial carbon sequestration to climate change mitigation requires integration across scientific and disciplinary boundaries. A comprehensive analysis incorporating ecologic, geographic and economic data was used to develop terrestrial carbon sequestration estimates for agricultural soil carbon, reforestation and pasture management. These estimates were applied in the MiniCAM integrated assessment model to evaluate mitigation strategies within policy and technology scenarios aimed at achieving atmospheric greenhouse gas stabilization by 2100. Terrestrial sequestration reaches a peak rate of 0.5–0.7 GtC yr⁻¹ in mid-century with contributions from agricultural soils (0.21 GtC yr⁻¹), reforestation (0.31 GtC yr⁻¹) and pasture (0.15 GtC yr⁻¹). Sequestration rates vary over time and with different technology and policy scenarios. The combined contribution of terrestrial sequestration over the next century ranges from 23 to 41 GtC.  相似文献   

江汉盆地钻井地温测量和大地热流分布   总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11  

徐明  赵平  朱传庆  单竞男  胡圣标 《地质科学》2010,45(1):317-323

盆地的稳态温度是分析地温场和大地热流的基础,是盆地构造热演化的必要前提。本文根据最新获得的9口钻井的稳态温度数据和124块岩石热导率,结合已有资料对江汉盆地地温梯度和大地热流进行了系统分析。结果显示江汉盆地热流41.9～60.9 mW/m~2,平均52.3mW/m~2,盆地总体表现为较低的大地热流,反映了中新生代以来构造活动逐渐减弱,盆地不断冷却的结果;从盆地内热流分布看,热流分布南高北低,反映了江汉盆地构造活动的不均一性。  相似文献   

Behavior of planetary dynamos under the influence of external magnetic fields: Application to Mercury and Ganymede     

Natalia Gómez-Pérez  Johannes Wicht 《Icarus》2010,209(1):53-1693

For planets with strong intrinsic magnetic fields such as Earth and Jupiter, an external magnetic field is unlikely to affect the internal dynamo, but for bodies with weak intrinsic fields in appropriate environments, such as Mercury and Ganymede, the interaction with nearby field sources may determine the internal dynamics and overall behavior of their liquid iron cores. On the basis of simulations of such interactions using numerical models for fluid flow and dynamo generation, the parameter regimes for stable dipolar and multipolar reversing dynamo magnetic fields established for isolated systems can be substantially changed by the action of external sources. Relatively weak external background fields (as low as 2% of the averaged undisturbed field at the core-mantle boundary) may change the energy balance and alter the regime over which natural isolated dynamos operate.  相似文献   

Acid drainage generation and associated Ca-Fe-SO₄ minerals in a periglacial environment, Eagle Plains, Northern Yukon, Canada: A potential analogue for low-temperature sulfate formation on Mars     

Denis Lacelle  Richard Léveillé 《Planetary and Space Science》2010,58(4):509-843

Near Eagle Plains, northern Yukon, Canada, acidic Ca-Fe-Mg sulfate waters are discharging year-long from disturbed permafrosted sandstone bedrock overlying pyritiferous black shales. These acidic waters are precipitating gypsum with minor amounts of jarosite-K (Na), schwertmannite and hematite. This mineral assemblage is similar to that observed at Meridiani Planum (and other location on Mars), making this site a valuable analogue for low-temperature sulfate geochemistry and mineral formation on Mars. Stable O-S isotope analysis of the acidic waters near Eagle Plains revealed that the oxygen in the dissolved sulfate is mostly derived from water (ca. 70%), suggesting that the sulfide oxidation process could be in part biomediated (i.e., accelerated by acidophilic Fe-oxidizing bacteria). However, unlike the dissolved sulfate in the waters, the formation of the Ca-Fe-SO₄ minerals appears to be purely abiotic. The stable O-S isotope composition of the sulfate minerals is well within the predicted equilibrium range at low temperature, suggesting that they formed through physico-chemical processes (i.e., evaporation or freezing). Low-temperature geochemical modeling with FREZCHEM and PHREEQC suggests that the mineral assemblage at Eagle Plains precipitated mainly through the freezing of Ca-Fe-Mg-SO₄ acidic waters, rather than through evaporation during the dry summer season, although the latter is still possible. This suggests that the sulfate mineral assemblage observed on Mars could have also formed under a periglacial-type climate. Considering that the active layer in the zone affected by acid drainage does not freeze-over during winter, the residual talik offers a localized niche environment to support acidophilic microorganisms. Overall, the fact that acid drainage is presently active near Eagle Plains allows the direct observation of the low-temperature geochemical processes responsible for generating acid drainage conditions and precipitation of gypsum, schwertmannite, jarosite-K, jarosite-Na, goethite and hematite.  相似文献   

    

Yang Xin  Wang Mingxing  Huang Yao 《大气科学进展》2001,18(6):1192-1206

The spatial and temporal variability of land carbon flux over the past one hundred years was investigated based on an empirical model directly calculating soil respiration rate. Our model shows that during 1901–1995, about 44-89 PgC (equals to 0.5, 0.9 PgC/yr respectively) were absorbed by terrestrial biosphere. The simulated net ecosystem productivity (NEP) after the 1930s was close to the estimated value of “ missing C sink” from deconvolution analysis. Most of the total carbon sink happened during 1951–1985 with the estimated value of 33–50 PgC. Three major sinks were located in the tropics (10°S–10°N), Northern mid-latitudes (30°–60°N) and Southern subtropics (10°–40°S). During 1940s-mid-1970s, carbon sinks by terrestrial ecosystem increased with time, and decreased after the mid-1970s. These may be due to the changing of climate condition, as during the 1940s–1970s, temperature decreased and precipitation increased, while after the mid-1970s, an opposite climate situation occurred with evident increasing in temperature and decreasing in precipitation. Usually, warmer and dryer climate condition is not favor for carbon absorption by biosphere and even induces net carbon release from soil, while cooler and wetter condition may induce more carbon sink. Our model results show that the net carbon flux is particularly dependent on moisture / precipitation effect despite of temperature effect. The changing of climate in the past century may be a possible factor inducing increases in carbon sink in addition to CO₂ and N fertilizer. This research was funded by CAS One Hundred Talents project and Knowledge Innovation Project of CAS(KZCX2-201).  相似文献   

下扬子区地温场和大地热流密度分布   总被引：38，自引：10，他引：38       下载免费PDF全文

王良书  李成 《地球物理学报》1995,38(4):469-476

根据下扬子区５０余口井温测量资料，从中选取能代表地层温度的井温数据计算地温梯度，在实验室中测量中、新生界的１１０余块砂岩和泥岩热导率及古生界碳酸岩和砂岩１００余块露头样品的热导率．在此基础上，确定了４１口井的大地热流密度值．地温梯度和大地热流密度分布表明，下扬子大部分地区中生代构造热事件伴随的热异常已不明显，而新生代时期岩石层拉张地区─－苏北盆地和郯庐断裂带是高热流密度和高地温梯度区．  相似文献